Everything about Essay totally explained
An
essay - is a typically short piece of writing, from an author's personal
point of view. Essays are
non-fiction but often
subjective; while
expository, they can also include
narrative. Essays can be
literary criticism, political
manifestos, learned
arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author.
The definition of an essay is vague, overlapping with those of an
article and a
short story. Almost all modern essays are written in
prose, but works in
verse have been dubbed essays (for example
Alexander Pope's
An Essay on Criticism and
An Essay on Man). While brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like
John Locke's
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and
Thomas Malthus's
An Essay on the Principle of Population provide counterexamples.
Notable essayists are legion. They include
G.K. Chesterton,
Virginia Woolf,
Voltaire,
Adrienne Rich,
Alamgir Hashmi,
Joan Didion,
Jean Baudrillard,
Benjamin Disraeli,
Susan Sontag,
Natalia Ginzburg,
Sara Suleri,
Annie Dillard,
Joseph Addison,
Richard Steele,
Charles Lamb,
Leo Tolstoy,
William Hazlitt,
Thomas Babington Macaulay,
Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Henry David Thoreau,
Percy Bysshe Shelley,
Mary Shelley,
Walter Bagehot,
Maurice Maeterlinck,
George Orwell,
George Bernard Shaw,
John D'Agata,
Reynolds Price,
Gore Vidal,
Marguerite Yourcenar,
J.M. Coetzee,
Gaston Waringhien and
E.B. White.
It is very difficult to define the genre into which essays fall. The following remarks by
Aldous Huxley, a leading essayist, may help:
» "Like the novel, the essay is a literary device for saying almost everything about almost anything. By tradition, almost by definition, the essay is a short piece, and it's therefore impossible to give all things full play within the limits of a single essay. But a collection of essays can cover almost as much ground, and cover it almost as thoroughly, as can a long novel. Montaigne's Third Book is the equivalent, very nearly, of a good slice of the
Comédie Humaine. Essays belong to a literary species whose extreme variability can be studied most effectively within a three-poled frame of reference. There is the pole of the personal and the autobiographical; there's the pole of the objective, the factual, the concrete-particular; and there's the pole of the abstract-universal. Most essayists are at home and at their best in the neighborhood of only one of the essay's three poles, or at the most only in the neighborhood of two of them. There are the predominantly personal essayists, who write fragments of reflective autobiography and who look at the world through the keyhole of anecdote and description. There are the predominantly objective essayists who don't speak directly of themselves, but turn their attention outward to some literary or scientific or political theme. … And how splendid, how truly oracular are the utterances of the great generalizers! … The most richly satisfying essays are those which make the best not of one, not of two, but of all the three worlds in which it's possible for the essay to exist" (
Collected Essays, "Preface").
Etymology
The word
essay derives from the French infinitive
essayer, 'to try' or 'to attempt'. In English
essay first meant 'a trial' or 'an attempt', and this is still an alternative meaning. The first author to describe his works as essays was the Frenchman
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592); he used the term to characterize these as 'attempts' to put his thoughts adequately into writing. Inspired in particular by the works of
Plutarch, a translation of whose
Oeuvres morales (
Moral works) into French had just been published by
Jacques Amyot, Montaigne began to compose his essays in
1572; the first edition, entitled
Essais, was published in two volumes in 1580. For the rest of his life he continued revising previously published essays and composing new ones.
Francis Bacon's essays, published in book form in
1597,
1612, and
1625, were the first works in English that described themselves as
essays.
Ben Jonson first used the word
essayist in English in
1609, according to the
Oxford English Dictionary.
The essay as a pedagogical tool
In recent times, essays have become a major part of a formal
education. Secondary students are taught structured essay formats to improve their writing skills, and essays are often used by
universities in selecting applicants (
see admissions essay). In both secondary and tertiary education, essays are used to judge the mastery and comprehension of material. Students are asked to explain, comment on, or assess a topic of study in the form of an essay.
Academic essays are usually more formal than literary ones. They may still allow the presentation of the writer's own views, but this is done in a logical and factual manner, with the use of the
first person often discouraged.
The five-paragraph essay
Some students' first exposure to the genre is the five paragraph essay, a highly structured form requiring an introduction presenting the
thesis statement; three body paragraphs, each of which presents an idea to support the thesis together with supporting evidence and quotations; and a conclusion, which restates the thesis and summarizes the supporting points. The use of this format is controversial. Proponents argue that it teaches students how to organize their thoughts clearly in writing; opponents characterize its structure as rigid and repetitive.
Academic essays
Longer academic essays (often with a word limit of between 2,000 to 5,000 words) are often more discursive. They sometimes begin with a short summary analysis of what has previously been written on a topic, which is often called a
literature review. Longer essays may also contain an introductory page in which words and phrases from the title are tightly defined. Most academic institutions will require that all substantial facts, quotations, and other supporting material used in an essay be referenced in a
bibliography or works cited page at the end of the text. This scholarly convention allows others (whether teachers or fellow scholars) to understand the basis of the facts and quotations used to support the essay's argument, and thereby help to evaluate to what extent the argument is supported by evidence, and to evaluate the quality of that evidence. The academic essay tests the student's ability to present their thoughts in an organized way and tests their intellectual capabilities. Some types of essays are:
Descriptive essays: The aim of descriptive essays is to provide a vivid picture of a person, location, object, event, or debate. It will offer details that will enable the reader to imagine the item described.
Definitive essays: The aim of a definition essay is to describe what a particular term means using facts, terms and anecdotes that a reader will understand.
Narrative essays: The aim of a narrative essay is to describe a course of events from a subjective vantage point, and may be written in first-person present or first person past tense. Though not always chronological, narrative essays do follow the development of a person through a series of experiences and reflections. The focus of the essay is often to more clearly identify the point of view of the narrator, and to express common features of subjectivity.
Compare and contrast essays: The aim of a compare and contrast essay is to develop the relationship between two or more things. Generally, the goal is to show that superficial differences or similarities are inadequate, and that closer examination reveals their unobvious, yet significant, relations or differences.
Persuasive essays: In a persuasive essay, the writer tries to persuade the reader to accept an idea or agree with an opinion. The writer's purpose is to convince the reader that her or his point of view is a reasonable one. The persuasive essay should be written in a style that grabs and holds the reader's attention, and the writer's opinion should be backed up by strong supporting details.
Argumentative essays: Argumentative essays are most often used to address controversial issues - for example serious issue over which there's some evident disagreement. An argument is a position combined with its supporting reasons. Argumentative papers thus set out a main claim and then provide reasons for thinking that the claim is true. Acknowledging opposing views and either refuting them or conceding to them is a common practice in this form of essay.
Reflective essays: This deals with topics of abstract nature, as habits, and ambitions. Social, political, philosophical and religious subjects also come under this head.
Dialectic essays: In this form of essay used commonly in Philosophy, one makes a thesis and argument, then objects to their own argument (with a counterargument), but then counters the counterargument with a final and novel argument. This form benefits from being more open-minded while countering a possible flaw that some may present. (External Link
)
Imitation
Essays in which the writer pulls out the main thesis and outline of a particular paper, and then writes an essay in his or her own style.
Synthesis Essays
Non-literary essays
Visual Arts
In the visual
arts, an essay is a preliminary drawing or sketch upon which a final painting or sculpture is based, made as a test of the work's composition (this meaning of the term, like several of those following, comes from the word
essay's meaning of "attempt" or "trial").
Music
In the realm of
music, composer
Samuel Barber wrote a set of "Essays for Orchestra," relying on the form and content of the music to guide the listener's ear, rather than any extra-musical plot or story.
Film
Film essays are cinematic forms of the essay, with the film consisting of the evolution of a theme or an idea rather than a plot per se; or the film literally being a cinematic accompaniment to a narrator reading an essay. From another perspective, an essay film could be defined as a documentary film visual basis combined with a form of commentary that contains elements of self-portrait (rather than autobiography), where the signature (rather than the life-story) of the filmmaker is apparent. The genre isn't well-defined but might include works of early
Soviet documentarians like
Dziga Vertov, or present-day filmmakers like
Michael Moore or
Errol Morris. The undisputed master of the essay film is French documentarian
Chris Marker. Perhaps the most illuminating film theorist who has treated the essay form in film and video is
Raymond Bellour.
Jean-Luc Godard describes his recent work as "film-essays"
(
discussion of film essays)
Photography
A
photographic essay is an attempt to cover a topic with a linked series of photographs.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Essay'.
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